Hammond
Tamarin
textbook
1859—Charles
Darwin published “The Origin of the Species”
1665—Robert
Hooke coined the word “cell” from his cork analysis
1674-1683—Anton
von Leeuwenhoek studies “wee beaties” in water (protozoans, bacteria)
1833—Robert
Brown discovered cell nuclei (also described Brownian motion)
1835-1839—Hugo
von Mohl documented mitosis
1858—Virchow
proposed the cell theory—cells come from other cells
1866—Gregor
Mendel published his works on inheritance
1875—Hertwig
described zygote formation from fusion of egg and sperm
1879-1885—Flemming
described chromosomes, more details of mitosis
1890—Hertwig
and Boveri described details of meiosis
1900—Mendel’s
work rediscovered by de Vries, Correns, and Tschermak
1913—first
genetic map of fruit fly by Sturtevant
1927—X
ray mutations by Stadler and Muller
1944—Avery,
McCarty, MacLeod showed that DNA was the genetic material
1953—Watson
and Crick determined double-helical structure of DNA
1968-1973—Smith,
Nathans, et al., discovered/described restriction endonucleases
1972—Paul
Berg made first recombinant molecule
1999
and beyond—up to you!
Classical genetics—deals with chromosomal theory of inheritance
Genes are located on chromosomes in a
linear fashion
Positions can be determined by looking
at offspring
Molecular
genetics—study of the genetic material
Structure, replication, and expression
of DNA
Genetic engineering/recombinant DNA
technology
Evolutionary
genetics—study of the mechanisms of evolutionary change
Changes in gene frequencies in
populations
Current
trend? Molecular genetics has proven especially
beneficial to the understanding of the other two areas (classical and
evolutionary)
Genetics
is an empirical science
We learn by observation/experimentation
Scientific
method—see figure 1.2
Notice the loop?