Chapter 18- Foreign Policy (FP):

(1). Outline history of US Foreign Policy, from isolationism thru Cold War to post-CW.

                                (2). Define the following key FP terms: Monroe Doctrine, globalism, containment Truman Doctrine, NATO, 3rd World, détente, enlargement, and neo-isolationism.                                       
                         (3). Define national interest; contrast decision making for FP w/that for domestic policy.

                                (4). Discuss the enumerated & implied powers set by the Constitution for making FP.

(5). Examine the inherent advantage of the President in making foreign policy.

(6). Outline the role of the White House, the Bureaucracy, the Congress, and

  the Public in shaping American  foreign policy.

                                (7). Discuss the US National Security structure and key DOD organizations & leaders.

(8). Discuss Foreign Policy challenges facing the U.S. in the Post-Cold War era.

                                (9). Assess the future direction of US National Security Policy and Military Strategy,

                                   required military Force Levels, Mission Creep, Multi-nationalism, WMD, and  BMD.

                             (10). Discuss current foreign policy issues and their political impact on the U.S.

                                        - Threat Assessment:    - War on Terrorism;     - WMD & the North Korean crisis;

                                        - Arab-Israeli conflict   - War & Peace(?) w/Iraq;    - Iran &  the uncertain future;   

                                        - Domestic economic slump & its impact on “free International Trade;    

                                        - China’s challenge to the US economy

 

v   A Brief  History of U.S. Foreign Policy

Ř    18-1a  The Isolationist Era:

§       1st  150 yrs of US History

·       (Washington’s Farwell address)

·       stressed avoiding political connections overseas

·       US militarily weak & focus on expansion westward

·       Not interested in global role (2 oceans of separation)

§       1823: Monroe Doctrine (invoked 1895)

·       US involvement overseas primarily in LATAM

·       WW1 (W. Wilson)=> make world safe for democracy

¨     After WW1=> isolationism returns w/vengeance

¨     Senate rejects League of Nations & Versailles treaty

·       WWII=> US stays out of Europe as Hitler attacks

¨     Why does US change its mind about involvement?

·       Post WWII=> US rethinks previous isolationism

Ř    18-1b  The Globalism Era=> Cold War:

§       US prepared to use force to protect global interests

§       Marshall Plan=> rebuild Europe (Soviets invited)

§       Post WWII=> Soviet Union emerges as chief threat

·       Appear to support global communism & expansion

§       Truman Doctrine=> Containment Policy & Strategy

§       NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

§       NSC-68=> National Security Strategy for Containment

·       (Major increase in Defense budget required)

§       1950: Korean War

§       US vs. USSR=> Competition at margins=> 3rd World

§       Preventing following dominoes=> Vietnam War

·       Support French (Ike)=> Dien Bien Phu

·       SOF advisors (JFK)

·       Tonkin Gulf ’64 (LBJ) =>Tet Offensive’68

·       Division in America

§       Seeking a way out of quagmire (Triangular Diplomacy)

·        Nixon => “Peace with Honor”?

·       Extraction=> “Vietnam Syndrome

§       Détente with Soviets

§       Ending Détente (Carter)=> USSR invades Afghanistan

§       Reagan & the” Evil Empire” (getting tough w/Soviets)

§       Mikhail Gorbachev=> Perestroika & Glasnost

§       Reagan’s SDI=> outspending the Soviets into defeat

§       Year of Revolution & fall of Eastern Europe - 1989

·       Fall of Berlin Wall

§       US Military operations in Third World continued:

·       Grenada

·       Panama

·       Iraq #1

§       Fall of Soviet Union- 1991 & End of Cold War   

Ř    18-1c  After the Cold War:

§       New World Order (Bush I)

§       Enlargement (Clinton)

·       Somalia 1993

·       Haiti 1994

·       Bosnia & NATO peacekeeping- 1995

·       Serbia bombing – 1999

·       Kosovo – NATO bombing & peacekeeping- 2000

§       Neo-isolationism (Bush W.) 2000=> 9/11/2001

Ř    Post 9/11 National Security Policy & Strategy:

§       Counter Terror Policy & Strategy: Bush Doctrine

·       Preemptive strikes & preventative war

¨      Afghanistan & Iraq II

v   Foreign Policy (FP) Versus Domestic Policy (DP)

Ř    National Interest & its various degrees

§       Vital vs. Important- (who decides?)

§       Two presidencies:

·       At Home( weak) vs. Abroad (strong)- why? 

Ř    18-2a  The Constitution and Foreign Policy:

§       Article II=> enumerated Presidential powers:

·       Commander in Chief

·       Power to make treaties (subject to Senate)

·       Appoint Ambassadors (Senate also)

§       Article I=> enumerated Congressional powers:

·       Provide for common defense

·       Regulate commerce

·       Define & punish Piracies & Felonies on high seas

·       Declare War     

·       Raise & support Armies & maintain a Navy

·       Make rules & regs for land & naval forces (UCMJ)

·       Power of the purse => (fund deployments)   

Ř    18-2b  The President’s Inherent Advantages (& powers):

§       FP success depends on speed, discretion, & flexibility

§       Presidential initiatives in FP vs. Domestic Policy (DP)

·        Unless (FP- crisis) versus until (DP- tax cut)

Ř    18-2c  The power of Precedent:

§       Truman to present=> Implied power as CINC (Box 18-1)

·       Now accepted as precedent (though grudgingly)

Ř    18-2d  Supreme Court Rulings:

§       US v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corporation (1936)

·       President’s FP powers go beyond Constitution

·       Impact: expand implied Presidential FP powers 

§       US v. Belmont (‘37)=> executive agreement (vs. Treaty)

·       Result: executive agreements trend up (See Box 18-2)

§       Court further usually refuses to hear challenges on FP

·       Effect: supports presidential FP prerogatives

·       Desire to avoid Presidential/Congress disputes in FP

·       Also Court believes FP simply beyond their competence    

Ř    18-2e  The Behavior of Congress:

§       Partisan & institutional divisions in Congress=>

·       Results in their lack of unified action to challenge

§       Belief in strong Presidential leadership in FP

§       Electoral considerations (what if President is right?)

§       Post WWII vs. post Vietnam Congressional behavior

§       End of Cold War => more Congressional activism

§       Post Iraq II Congressional behavior?    

v   Who Makes U.S. Foreign Policy? (See Figure 18-2)

Ř    18-3a  The White House:

§       Role of President & VP (varies w/administration)

§       National Security Council (NSC) 

·       President & VP

·       SECSTATE & SECDEF

·       Director CIA & CJCS (advisors)

§       NSC advisor & her staff’s role

·       Honest broker vs. policy advocate    

Ř    18-3b  The Foreign Policy Bureaucracy:

§       Roles of DOS vs. DOD (current Iraq II example)

§       Uniformed Armed Services (CJCS & JCS chiefs)

§       Intelligence community & selected agencies

§       Expertise &  experience must be taken into account

§       Also compete with each other for power, influence, & $$$

§       Result: drive FP to include own interests & agenda   

Ř    18-3c  Congress:

§       Extent of interests & influence varies over time

·       Cold War vs. post-Watergate & post-Vietnam War

§       3 ways Congress influences FP:

·       Substantive legislation ($$ power)

·        Procedural legislation (how laws & regs applied)

·       Efforts to shape Public Opinion (Dems on Iraq II) 

 

Ř    18-3d  The Public:

§       Two options for Public to shape FP:

·       Join interest groups & lobby Congress & President

·       Vote for candidates aligned w/political views

§       Public seldom able to effect day to day polices (Iraq II)

·       Often policy makers decide w/little regard to Public

·       Public lack detailed knowledge & expertise

·       Apathy (most don’t even know/care where crisis spot is)

¨     More concerned with domestic & economic issues

§       Public usually rallies around President once action starts

·       Initial resistance to deployment => active support

§       Public Opinion provide decision makers w/little guidance

·       NTL=> two indirect effects:

¨     Constrains policies which can be considered

Ř    Vietnam legacy => Vietnam syndrome

¨     Determines Washington’s FP priorities (media)

Ř    Iraq II example=> looters initially brushed off

§       Media & public concern re. Iraqi Museum

§       Now FBI going to Iraq to find antiquities        

v   Challenges to the United States in the Post–Cold War Era

Ř    Major debate continues on US role in post-Cold War

Ř    18-4a  Disagreements about Goals & Strategies & Change:

§       Terror strike of 9/11/2001 completely changed everything

§       Debate now centers on US strategy to prevent 2nd attack

·       Preventive War & pre-emptive strikes (Bush W)

¨     (*Containment strategy no longer option)

§       Homeland Defense & Security at what expense?

·        $$$ & Freedoms (The Patriot Act)

Ř    18-4c  Unilateralism Versus Multilateralism:

§       Closely related to above strategic debate:

·       US Unilateral action or

·       UN involvement (& to what extent, if any)

Ř    Other Foreign Policy Considerations:

§       Terrorism &War/Peace in Iraq & ME

§       North Korea