v Chapter 35 Overview- Africa, Asia, & Latin America:

Ø 2 superpowers exceed Europe’s pre-WWII pwr & influence

§ US & USSR compete & surpass rest of post-WWII world

· 1989-1991=> Soviet power declines & then collapses

§ PRC also emerged as a political/military pwr in East Asia

· Japan led all of East Asia in economic power

· Both PRC & Japan’s influence apt to remain key force

Ø Colonialism’s end & beginning of challenges to West

§ Less developed regions escape limits of colonialism

· Present growing challenges to Europe & superpowers

§ How to deal with these challenges=> major priority

Ø Historical perspective

§ Colonial era=> 16^th century through mid 20^th century

§ Non-Europeans drawn into Europe’s sphere of influence

· Primarily political & economic imperialistic spheres

· Often subjected, exploited, & colonized

§ NTL=> in relative terms & historical context=>

· Era only a brief period from world history perspective

v The Post Colonial Era

Ø Prospects for future:

§ Waves of economic growth (and recession)

· Illustrated by East Asia early 1990s (to late ‘90s)

§ Forging of new political alignments & $$ relationships

· Regional & trans-regional

Ø Non-European political & social consolidation:

§ As former colonies emerge from European control=>

· Focus on internal political & social issues

¨ Aim: establish and consolidate their own societies

¨ Build effective internal political systems

¨ Develop civil society & avoid corrupt dictatorships

· Much remains to be done

Ø Two major post colonial developments (Map 35-1):

§ 1^st: De-colonization=> Africa & Asia cut colonial ties

· Sever foreign direct gov. control & administration

· Transform dependent states into independent states

§ 2^nd: Three new interactions forged from old ones:

· 1. Alignment with one of the Superpowers (until 1991)

· 2. Global $$ interdependence=> new modes TBD

· 3. Democratic ideas have gained global influence

§ Change affected by above has often escaped awareness

Ø Role of Cultural & Religious traditions of 21^st century

§ Key question: creative or divisive force for future?

§ Two competing and hotly debated world views or models:

· 1. Clash of Civilizations (“West vs. rest.”)

¨ Post enlightenment Western World vs.

Ø Religions & cultures opposed to West’s modernity

¨ Conflict of rival religious, ethnic & cult. traditions

· 2. The “can’t we all just get along” model

¨ People of all backgrounds & types must get along=>

¨ “…nuanced and balanced view of modern world”

¨ Model’s focus: shared international concern & effort

Ø Population control & healthy environment

Ø Political accommodation & food supply

Ø Public health, etc.

§ Which one does the Text’s authors support? (why?)

· (In a sense- the authors’ underlying thesis…)

§ Which on do you subscribe to? (why?)

v Africa, the Middle East, & Asia

Ø Independence & self-determination

§ How to define a nation vs. a post colonial nation

§ Normal way: common language, culture, history, race

§ Post colonial way: boundaries based on political map

· Lines drawn IAW colonial administrative interest

§ :. Pre-independence borders=> geographic framework

· Independent states based on map’s same boundaries

· Ethnic and tribal groups split across arbitrary borders

Ø Lack of preparation for independence

§ New nations given little prep by previous colonial masters

§ Result: massive problems & political instability

· Lack of human development & self-government prep

· Economics: lack of ed, tech, or commercial experience

· Politics: lack of pro political leadership experience

¨ Most educated elite had little interface with masses

· Spiraling population growth outpaced food production

¨ Also severely strained natural resources (water)

¨ Third World = ¾ of world’s population=> 5 Billion

§ Absence of well educated middle class to unify nation

· Internal ethnic & tribal rivalry trump national interest

· Tribal groups unable to pull together as one nation

Ø Price of independence extremely high

§ Bloodshed & political, ethnic, religious strife costly

§ Economic & social chaos & inequity in wealth distribution

Ø Hopeful signs despite great odds

§ Some nations combat illiteracy, poverty, & disease

§ Overcome oligarchic rule & authoritarian dictatorships

§ Deal w/escalating pop. growth & environmental damage

§ Some even develop a sense of pre-colonial traditions

· Revive past’s cultural, religious, political way of life

· Still able to adapt & deal with modern day realities

v Postcolonial Africa

Ø Pre vs. post Independence status

§ Colonial frontiers shape post-colonial national borders

· Little regard made to ethnic or tribal concentrations

§ Rise of African nationalism

· Dated primarily from inter war period=>

· Emergence of anti-imperialist movements

§ Role of African contributions during WWII=>

· Natural & human resources

· Coupled with experience of 1000s of Africans abroad

· Offered a catalyst for African nationalism

§ After war=> Europe was ready to give up empires

· Chief exception?

Ø The Transition to Independence

§ What a difference 30 years makes (1950-1980)

· States now symbols of African determination & freedom

§ Relatively few transition involved protracted violence

· Major exceptions=> French Algeria (1955-1962)

¨ Also Angola & Mozambique (1961-75)

¨ Congo (Zaire), Zambia, Zimbabwe (1960-80)

· Most of the 40 African nations established how?

§ NTL=> internal conflict & civil war of a few arose

· Reason: lack of adequate prep by former Euro rulers

¨ Haphazard 19^th cent. boundaries of AF admin units

¨ Invariably cut across tribal & cultural homelands

· Upon European departure=> civil strife & war arose

§ Lack of adequate native political admin, $, social exper.

· Also extensive corruption among new gov. officials

· Military coups often prove the only stable governments

· Socialist $ central planning proved disastrous

· Often tribal & regional conflicts lead to civil war

§ Separatist struggle=> bloody civil war or border clashes

· Examples of most dangerous & bloody include:

¨ Morocco vs. West Sahara

¨ Libya vs. Chad

¨ South African held Namibia

¨ Ethiopia vs. Eritrea

¨ Kenya, Uganda, & Tanzania

¨ Rwanda vs. Burundi (genocide)

¨ Somalia (internal collapse & war lord rivalry)

¨ Sudan

· Conflicts often sanctioned postcolonial state divisions

· Each African state has had its own unique experience

Ø The Nigerian Case

§ Bloodiest post-war independence aftermath

§ 1966 coup=> military gov. eventually led by Ltc Gawon

· brutally suppressed Biafra independent movement (’70)

· Gawan pursued policy of reconstruction &reintegration

¨ Overthrown in 1975

§ Ensuing 20 years=> political instability & brutal repress

· Typical example: execution of Kenula Sarra-Wiwa (pix)

¨ Shocked world public opinion because of his stature

Ø Well known playwright & environmental activists

§ Today crushing poverty continues to plague Nigeria

· Nigeria’s children routinely sold into slavery

Ø The South African Case

§ White minority rule & apartheid

· Separation of white & black citizens in all areas of life

· Official government policy for 50 years

· White government sustained white supremacy

¨ Ruled black majority & suppressed any resistance

· Outside pressure/world opinion ended apartheid-1990s

§ Key roles: de Klerk, Tutu, and ANC’s Nelson Mandela

· Repeal of Separate Amenities Act (Mar 1992)

§ What major problems does South Africa still face?

§ The African Future

· Most African states have not achieved peace & $

· NTL=> radical change & progress over last 50 yrs

· Africa’s political future remains uncertain

¨ Problems loom- although some progress made so far

· Every African state is different w/unique problems

¨ Major hurdles of its recent past must be overcome

Ø Regional rivalries & tribal hatreds

Ø Religious & linguistic divisions

Ø Major economic & social policy mistakes

Ø Apartheid & its aftermath & latent resentment

§ Most serious problems all African states must contend/w:

· Overpopulation

· Poverty, famine & disease

· Lack of professional & technical expertise

· General economic underdevelopment

· Explosive growth of new urban centers

¨ At expense of rural areas

§ Key challenge: how to build civil society=>

· Achieve economic wealth & political stability

· All in spite of internal division

· Population growth & world market competition

v The Postcolonial Middle (ME) East & Central Asia (CA)

Ø Muslim majorities & significant minorities (Map)

§ Occupy areas predominately throughout Arab region

§ Major Muslim population concentrations (in millions):

· India (132), Bangladesh (109), Pakistan (125),

· Indonesia (180)=> w/total Muslims= up to 250 million

§ Six major developments affecting post-colonial ME & CA:

· 1. New national states & international alignments

· 2. Creation of the state of Israel

· 3. Increased importance of world oil & its reserves

· 4. Resurgence of religious, political, & social reforms

· 5. The Iranian Revolution

· 6. Collapse of Soviet control of Central Asia

Ø New Nations in the Middle East

§ Most ME states achieved independence following WWII

· What were the major constraining factors to success?

· What did all these states share?

· Attempts at Pan-Arab federations- how successful?

· Each nation had its distinct history, culture, etc.

§ Role of oil & strategic importance of region?

· Attracted interests & interference of who?

· Role of Cold War politics in Central Asia?

§ Turkey- the oldest nation in the Middle East

· What kind of government does turkey have?

¨ Theocracy or secular?

· Struggle to balance Islam & secular politics

· Most economically advanced state in ME (w/who else?)

· Potential importance of new Turkic-language states

¨ Where did they evolve from & how?

Ø The Arab-Israeli Conflict (Map 35-2)

§ Impact of Israel’s creation- who directly affected?

· Role of Herzl & Balfour Declaration of 1917

· Rising Jewish settlement during inter-war years

¨ Impact: growing communal conflict- with who

¨ Brit immigration restrictions & Holocaust- impact?

Ø Role of European & American guilt

§ 1947: UN partition of former British mandate

· Division into Jewish & Arab states

· Arab reaction to UN mandate?

· Jewish Proclamation in May 1948 – impact?

¨ Who was first to recognized new Jewish state?

¨ What did the Arab states do in reaction (1948-49)?

Ø What happened to Palestine lands as a result?

§ Events & consequences of next 50 years=> armed truce:

· Major conflicts & wars interrupting this truce:

¨ Suez Crisis of 1956

¨ 1967 Six Day War(Sinai, Golan Heights, West Bank)

¨ 10/1973 “Yom Kippur” War (Egypt surprise attack)

¨ Israeli strike: Palestine terrorists in Lebanon(78/82)

¨ Israeli attack on W. Bank & Palestine refugee camps

§ Role of PLO & other militant terrorist organizations:

· Intifada & rising violence vs. Israeli preemptive strikes

· Rising anti-Israel criticism/world opinion (exception?)

§ Arab-Israeli intransigence: hardliners vs. negotiators

· Arab resistance to: “Israel’s right to exist”

· Role of Camp David Accords-1978:

¨ Key signers of accords- US, Israel, & Egypt?

· Violence continues: bombings & suicide attacks

¨ Prejudice, stereotyping, & hated from both sides

§ Fleeting interludes of optimism:

· Role of an old warrior- Rabin=> “A time for peace…”

· 1993: Middle East Peace Agreement

¨ Israeli security & right to exist for a Palestine state

¨ Nobel Peace Prize: Rabin, Peres, Arafat

· How was the agreement greeted throughout the ME?

§ Cautious optimism vs. dedicated extremists’ reactions

· Role of extremists to scuttle agreement:

¨ Machine gunning at Hebron (1994)

¨ Assassination of Rabin (1995)

¨ Bus & market bombings in Israel (1996)

· Election of right wing Likud hardliner: Ben Netanyahu

¨ (influence of above attacks on Israeli voters)

¨ Expansion of Jewish settlements into West Bank

¨ Expected Palestinian reaction: PLO & Hamas react

¨ Israeli security initiatives & impact on Palestinians

Ø Gaza lock down=> poverty=> terrorists recruits

§ Sharon comes to power (Mar 2000) – impact?

· Baggage from the past (1982-83: Lebanon)

· Hard-line policy toward Palestinians & PLO=>

¨ Hamas leadership assassinations (Helo rockets)

¨ Building a security fence (impact?)