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Chapter 26: North Transatlantic $$$ & Society- Overview
Ø
19th
Cent. industrial & $$$ developments => goods & svs
§
Translation of economic power =>global political
pwr
·
The West over rest
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1st half 19th century=> new labor force emerged
§
Concentrated in Europe & North America
§
Factory labor
§
City dwellers
§
Major impact & influence on politics
§
Resulting worker social & political experience
·
socialism
Ø
2nd half 19th century=> shape
political, economic, social life
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Europe & United States
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Europe: Nation states emerged
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Electorates
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Political parties
¨
Centralized bureaucracies
¨
Universal military service required
·
United States:
¨
Politics of progressives
movement
¨
Role of presidency
§
Common occurrences on both sides of Atlantic:
·
Large corporate structures emerged
·
Trade unions
·
White collar labor
·
Urban life => particularly in Europe
§
United States=> farming spreads to Mid West & SW
§
Women assert political awareness
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Concurrent
impact on Europe (downside):
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Dependence on resources & markets abroad
·
Food supply => from where?
§
Result?
Impact of regional climate change or drought?
Ø
Prior to WWI- Europe’s commodity dependence masked
=>
§
Industrial, military, & economic supremacy
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Europe assumes its supremacy as the natural order
·
Reality?
§
During Europe’s period of supremacy=> self confidence
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US emerged as military power by late 19th
century
§
Industrial might
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World’s food supplier
§
Military conquests=> Spain
·
Result of Spanish-American War victory?
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Europe’s
factory workers & urban artisans
§
Full industrial power by 19th century
§
Britain first by 1830
§
Continent follows
·
New factories & Railways
§
Competing industrial creeds
·
Impact on society
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“Proletarianization” process
·
Impact factory workers & artisans
·
Role of wages
·
Mere “cog” of
economic system
·
Work tied directly to efficiency of what?
¨
Fines for lateness
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Dismissal for drunkenness
·
Strict enforcement to exacting standards
·
Above conditions still better than textile
industry
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British weavers struggle to compete w/power looms
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Urban artisans gradually absorbed into new economy
·
Factories do not adversely affect artisans- at first
·
Expanded economic activity & opportunity
·
Lower costs of materials to certain artisans
·
Impact primarily in organization of production- how?
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Normal artisan system:
§
Apprentice => Journeyman => Master
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How was artisan system undermined by factory system?
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Impact on corporate & guild control
§
Role of liberals
(post 1789)
§
Impact on masters ability to compete
·
Efficient &
larger organizations run by machines
§
Artisan compliance with “confection”=> gradual impact?
·
Tailor made materials
·
Lower skills required
§
Low/unskilled immigrants=> surplus labor => low
wages
·
Undermined wage demands of more skilled labor
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End result of these major changes on “old” economy?
§
Dilution of skills & lowered wages
·
Result of Master’s reorganization of production
process
¨
(not directly related to machines)
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Artisans evolve into life time wage laborers
·
Artisan skills bought & sold => market
supply/demand
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Defenders of slavery in US cite above in their defense
§
More complex in reality (pix 727)
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19th
Century city life in Europe
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Cities redesigned: development of suburbs – how/why?
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Influencing factors:
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Commercial inter-city development
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Slum clearance by city government
¨
Railroad extension
·
Result: price per city square foot more expensive
¨
Middle/working class seek cheaper dwellings
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Urban
sanitation becomes priority – why?
§
Cholera’s indiscriminant impact
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Impact on middle class & subsequent demands
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New water & sewer systems
·
Major health & engineering feat of period (pix
730)
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City tourist attraction
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Housing reform
§
Working class dwellings – living conditions status?
·
Assessment of sanitation & health reformers
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Prime for potential political & social unrest
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Reformer objectives:
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Address medical, moral, political issues of slums
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Impact of mass urban migration of 1880s:
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Government city planning/action recognized &
pursued
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19th century European women
Ø
Women during
early industrial revolution
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Major impact on home & family
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Impact of male wage earning on family
·
New modes of employment => young women
·
New economy=> good new/bad news for women
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More jobs => but also less skill => low pay
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Role of textiles => impact on women
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1820s:
machines => more low skilled job opportunity
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opened primarily to unmarried women=>temporary
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Job available until when?
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Role of Domestic Servants & Industry
·
Employment targeted for whom?
·
Employment condition?
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Job security?
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Social impact of urban environment on women
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Loss of rural
community ties => impact on morality
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short term relationships => single mothers
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New economy’s impact on marriage
·
Impact of husband’s wages => support family
·
Mother’s primary responsibility as a result?
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Social disabilities & constraints on women
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Personal property
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Family law => favored who?
·
Legal codes
·
Divorce grounds => Double standard
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Educational barriers
·
Access & level => focus of education for women
·
Stigma attached to activism
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New employment patterns for women
·
Impact of technology & sales
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New category of job available just for women
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Typist & secretary
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Telephone
operator
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“Shop girl” & clerk
·
Women also withdraw
from workforce
¨
Reasons?
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Employer preference
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Impact of marriage or birth
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Cultural influences on male businessmen
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Late 19th
century working women
§
Impact of textile factories & garment industry
§
Put out
system=> placing $$ risk on women workers
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General societal
attitude toward women’s accepted role
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Separate social & economic spheres
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Supplemental wage earner
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Employer exploitation of women – Berlin example
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Poverty &
prostitution
§
Prime reason for both?
§
Prostitution’s link to above?
§
Debunking long held myths=> causes & duration
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Poor women serving poor male customers
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Middle class women
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The cult of
Domesticity:
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Concept of separate spheres
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Providing a safe environment at home
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Expectation=> primary women’s role:
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Center of virtue
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Child rearing, nurturing & care
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Domestic
manager of household
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Dutiful daughter, wife, mother
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Accepted proper life => reflection on husband
·
19th century middle class view of romantic
marriage?
¨
How did marriages of middle class usually occur?
§
Downside of this cult
of Domesticity for women?
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Rise of
political feminism
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Obstacles to equality
·
Role of male liberals
·
Male reluctance to treat women equally in general
·
Class & economic sensitivity among women
themselves
·
Higher priority given to Nationalism & patriotism
·
Disagreement among women over tactic & objectives
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Working class vs. middle class goals & objectives
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Secular oriented goals vs. religious oriented ones
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Key reformers for gender equality
·
Wollstonecraft: Vindication
of Rights of Women
·
John Stuart
Mills & Harriet
Taylor
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Subjugation of Women (1869)
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Struggle for suffrage => Britain
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Millicent
Fawcett’s role => vote
·
Emmeline
Pankhurst => more radical tactics
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Political Feminism on the Continent
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Contrast of French & German women with British
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French women abhor violent demonstration
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Leaders focus on “careful legalism”
·
German feminism even less developed
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Focus: social conditions improvement
v
Jewish Emancipation
Ø
Role of
political liberals
§
Liberals responsible for key social changes
·
Impact on Jews?
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Early steps toward emancipation – varying paces
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Franz Joseph II’s decrees
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France: National Assembly => Jews made citizens
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Russia: back to the future – the key exception
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Broadened
opportunities
§
Western Europe following 1848
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Social, political, economic improvement
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Migration of Jews west from Russia & Balkans
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The one major miscalculation: Germany &
Austria
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European Labor, Socialism, & Politics to WWI
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Working
classes in late 19th century:
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Trade unionism on the rise
§
Democracy => growth of political parties
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Marxist
Critique of Industrial Order
§
Role of Karl
Marx & Engle=> Communists Manifesto
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Thesis of class warfare
·
Revising Hegel’s thesis
¨
Thesis => antithesis => synthesis
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Hegel’s clash of ideas vs. Marx’s clash of classes
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Labor vs. the middle class
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Fighting the owners of the means of production
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Germany:
Social Democrats & Revisionism
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Role of German Social Democratic Party (SPD)
·
Adaptation of Marx’s theory
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12 years of government persecution led by Bismarck
·
Government socialism as alternative to SPD programs
§
Revisionism: Bernsteins’
“Evolutionary Socialism”
§
German debate’s impact on Socialism future
·
Reform Socialism vs. Revolutionary Socialism
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Lenin’s
preference?
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France:
“opportunism” rejected
§
Internal division of French Socialism
·
Five competing parties with different views
§
Two major factions emerge by 1800:
·
Jaures =>Revisionists vs. Guesde => Revolutionary
§
French Cabinet appointments available to some
Socialists
·
If they behave & work within French political
system
·
Condemned by Second International as “opportunism”
·
Result: one Socialist party formed (Jaures
concedes)
¨
1914: achieves 2nd largest # of
representatives
¨
But no Cabinet level appointments or opportunities
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Britain:
Labour Party & Fabianism
§
Lack of grass root support for Socialists evident
·
Trade Unions support Liberals
§
Role of Employer resistance to Unions
·
Tension between classes increases
§
Formation of Labour
Party (1901)
·
Pursues no significant Socialist’s goals
·
Impact of House of Lord’s action on workers
¨
(Elimination of Union fund protection)