v Chapter 24 Overview:

Ø World transforming revolutions in France & Americas

§ American Independence established

§ French Republic & Napoleonic Empire

§ Latin American Independence of the Creole Elite

§ Abolition of slavery

§ Political, social, & economic impact of above

v Revolution of North American British Colonies

Ø “No taxation without representation!”

§ British search for revenues & the American response

· Stamp Act & Sugar Act

· Stamp Act Congress & its appeal (See Doc. p. 657)

· Sons of Liberty & effective boycott

§ Repeal & the Declaratory Act

Ø American Political Ideals

§ Origin of American Political liberties

· Glorious Revolution of 1688

· John Locke’s Treatise on Government & its impact

¨ Whig political ideas & the Commonwealthmen

¨ Corruption & the government of Robert Walpole

¨ Impact on Britain versus America

Ø Crisis and Independence

§ Role of Charles Townshend & the “Townhsend Duties”

§ Deployment of British troops to Boston–for what purpose?

· Tensions rise=> The Boston Massacre (1770)

§ East India Company & The Boston Tea Party

· Lord North’s response=> the Intolerable Acts

¨ Impact on Boston?

Ø Boston’s ports & government reorganization

Ø Origin of US 3^rd Amendment to Bill of Rights

§ Additional provocations=> the Quebec Act (1774)

· American measured response:

¨ Committees of correspondence=>

§ First Continental Congress (1774) & its goals

§ Attempted conciliation? => too little too late

§ Road to independence:

· Lexington & Concord (April 1775)

· Bunker Hill (June 1775)

· Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

· Reaction of George III & the role of Thomas Paine

· Common Sense to No turning back:

¨ “When in the course of human events…”

Ø Declaration of Independence – July 4, 1776

§ America’s struggle for independence: key battles:

· Strategy: avoiding major engagement… and defeat

¨ The critical role of George Washington

Ø Keeping the army alive & together

Ø Holding on=> not losing is winning

· Desperate gamble: the Raid on Trenton

· Battle of Saratoga & its strategic impact

¨ French support & recognition

· Siege at Yorktown & the beginning of the end

¨ The British at home grow weary of the war

¨ Treaty of Paris (conflicting interests)

· Forming a democratic republic

¨ Not just independence but idealistic revolution

Ø Articles of Confederation

Ø The Constitution & the Bill of Rights

§ Global impact of America’s Revolution

v The French Revolution

Ø Impact of military defeat & economic debt

§ Seven Years War & the cost of getting even

§ Impact of financial mismanagement of Louis XIV => XVI

· Consequences of finally addressing overdue treatment

· Deficit spending & failure to service the growing debt

§ Limited alternatives=> convening the Estates General

Ø Estates General=> taking on a life of its own

§ Crisis over organization & voting representation

· Role of the Third Estate

§ Declaration of the National Assembly

· The tennis court oath & its significance

§ National Constituent Assembly

Ø Major contributing factors & their impact:

§ Fall of the Bastille & The Great Fear

· Role & origin of the future “san culottes”

· Nobles surrender feudal privileges

· Equal protection of the law

§ Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

· Impact of the Enlightenment ideals

¨ “liberty, property, security, and resistance…”

· Virtue and talent trump class distinction

Ø Louis XVI’s initial response & its impact

§ Royal preferences & hesitation, and the consequences:

· Role of Parisian women (Oct 5, 1779)

· The King relents & returns to Paris (pix p. 660)

· Result: underlying threat & power of “Mob violence”

§ Establishment of the National Constituent Assembly

· Peace & stability until summer of 1792

Ø Reconstruction of France

§ Influence of classic Liberal ideals on government

· National Constituent Assembly’s priorities:

¨ Seeds of future dissension, conflict, & violence:

Ø Civic equality versus social equality

§ Political Reorganization:

· 1791 Constitution: Constitutional Monarchy

¨ Unicameral legislature=> power of war & peace

¨ Bills: Royal delay but not veto

¨ Voting & electoral system: complex & restricted

· Rights & response of women?

¨ Role of Olympe de Gouges (d. 1793):

Ø Declaration of the Rights of Men and Women

§ Call for equality & education of women

· Reorganization into “departments” & judicial reforms

§ Economic Policy:

· Action: suppressed guilds and liberated grain trade

¨ Established uniform measurements of metric system

· Greater economic freedom & uniformity of measure=>

¨ Also produced initial increased cycle of inflation

¨ Result=> hard squeeze on peasants & urban laborer

· Burden of proof for residual feudal dues on peasant

· Chapelier Law (1791): banned worker associations=>

¨ Urban workers prevented from protecting wages

· Workers & peasants left to whims of free market

· Assembly’s plan for paying off the National debt?

¨ Seizing Church land to back assignats (bonds)

¨ Devaluating assignats => inflation => urban poor

· Result of above National Assembly economic policies?

¨ Growing disappointment w/Government policies

¨ Urban poor & peasants angry & begin to ask:

Ø “What good was replacing king & noble class?”

§ “What/who replaced it?”

· Who now dominated French political & $$$ policy?

¨ What philosophy & ideals were they based on?

§ Civil Constitution of the Clergy- unnecessary blunder?

· Purpose and impact of Civil Constitution’s policy?

· Complying or refusing to take required oath to state=>

¨ Constitutional priests versus refractory clergy

· Response of Pope=> condemnation’s impact

· Result: divided loyalty & conflict

¨ Division offers potential political opportunity

Ø For who?

§ Counterrevolutionary Activity:

· Overstaying your welcome – too late

· Louis XVI failed attempt to flee (pix p. 663)

¨ Significance & resulting impact on Assembly?

¨ New royal designated status=> under house arrest

· Leopold II & the Declaration of Pillnitz & its impact

¨ Effect on French revolutionaries?

§ From Constituent Assembly to Legislative Assembly

· Who could run for election to new government?

· Problems faced by new government?

Ø France’s “Second” Revolution

§ Origin of the Jacobins

§ Leadership of the Legislative Assembly=> the Girondists

· April 1792: declaration of war (on whom?)

· Initial progress of the war

§ End of Constitutional Monarchy

· Impact of war with Austria & Prussia

· Role of the section communes

· Mob invasion of Tuileries Palace- impact?

§ The Convention & the role of the Sans-culottes

· September Massacres (1792)

¨ Role of Paris Commune & “mob rule”

¨ Establishing a new Assembly=> the Convention

Ø Based on universal manhood suffrage

Ø Write a new democratic constitution

· Establishment of French Republic

¨ First act of Convention=> democratic constitution

¨ Role of radical Jacobins w/Sans Culottes support

Ø Composition of Sans Culottes?

¨ Pay back time for Sans Culottes’ support

Ø Social equality becomes priority (over what?)

Ø Demand for immediate price controls- why?

¨ Ideology & concerns of the Sans Culottes

Ø anti-monarchial

Ø strongly republican

Ø suspicious of representative government & wealth

¨ The Mountain & its relationship w/Sans Culottes

Ø Trial & execution of “Citizen Capet” (pix p. 665)

Ø Gaining political power at expense of Girondists

¨ The Convention (Girondists)=> war declared

Ø Great Britain, Holland, & Spain

Ø Civil war in the Vendee soon follows (cause?)

Ø Girondists’ failure with war & rebellion =>

§ The Mountain’s opportunity

Ø Reign of Terror (Fall 1793- Mid-summer 1794)

§ Understanding the “Terror” in context (of what?)

· War, revolt, and great expectations

§ Committee of Public Safety’s role & power

· Imperative of domestic support for the War

· Expulsion of the Girondists from Convention

¨ Rise of the Mountain to power & leadership

¨ Democratic Constitution (suspended for war)

¨ levee en masse & law of maximum

¨ Victory against the counterrevolutionaries

§ Society of Revolutionary Republican Women

· Revolutionary role & demands

¨ Convention’s growing concerns

· Jacobin’s reaction & repression

¨ Banned from Army & Convention galleries

¨ Execution of Olympe de Gouges

§ Republic of Virtue

· Goals, objectives, & desired image projected

¨ Reality: suspension of due process

· Convention’s “Dechristianization” of France

¨ A new calendar (Day One?)

Ø Week = how many days?

¨ Temple of Reason & its goals & tactics

Ø Result of above?

§ Role of Robespierre (1758-1793)

· Primary initial base of support?

· Position on “dechristianization” ?

· Meaning of “Republic of Virtue”? (excerpt p. 667)

· Course of Reign of Terror- Revolutionary Tribunals

¨ “Enemies of the Republic”- (definition of enemy?)

Ø Marie Antoinette, family members, & aristocrats

Ø Girondist politicians (Legislative Assembly)

Ø “Counterrevolutionaries” of Provinces (Vendee)

Ø Republican politicians of both left & right

Ø Radical sans culottes leaders

Ø Conservative republicans (of potential threat)

§ Neutralize leaders of both sides

¨ Tribunal power grab=> conviction without trial

¨ Cult of the Supreme Being

¨ Robespierre’s ill-advised speech in Convention

Ø Conclusion by members based on past actions?

Ø Response & result?

§ 9^th of Thermidor actions

§ End of Robespierre

§ Thermidorian Reaction

· Tempering of the revolution

· New constitutional regime (composition?)

· Closure of the Paris Jacobin Club

· Construction of new Constitution of Year III

¨ Bicameral legislature favoring who?

· Establishment & role of Directory

¨ 5 person executive from upper house

Ø Council of Elders

· Convention ends War=> Treaty of Basel

¨