(10). Discuss ecclesiastical breakdown of medieval church, & roles of Boniface & King Phillip the Fair.
(11). Examine the Great Schism and the Conciliar movement.
(12). Examine the politics, culture, Humanism, and art of the
Italian Renaissance.
(13). Describe the greatest
works and significance of Leonardo Da
Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.
(14). Discuss Italy’s political decline and
the French
invasions (1494-1527).
(15). Explain the significance of Niccolo
Machiavelli and his impact on modern politics.
(16). Discuss Medieval Russia’s politics and society, &
describe impact of Mongol conquest and rule.
(17). Describe 15th century “nation building” & revival
of monarchy in France, Spain, and England.
(18). Examine the High Middle Ages in world
perspective.
v
Ecclesiastical Breakdown & Revival
Ø
The Late
Medieval Church:
§
14th century: secular rulers trumped popes
§
Boniface VIII
vs. Phillip the Fair
·
Bull: Clericis
Laicos (no taxation w/o Pope’s approval)
·
Phillip’s response?
·
Pope’s reaction=> Unam Sanctam (secular vs. spirit)
·
Phillip’s reaction & impact on Papal power?
§
The Great
Schism (1378-1417)
·
Clement V moves Papacy to Avignon (Map)
¨
Influence of French King on Church?
¨
Perception of England?
·
Papacy returned to Rome by Gregory XI in 1377
·
Pope Urban VI (1378-89)=> intent to reform Curia
¨
Impact on French Cardinals=> reaction?
¨
Role of Charles V & his cousin (Clement VII)
¨
Location of newly elected French backed papacy?
·
Impact of Schism
on European Christendom?
¨
Future implications?
§
The Conciliar
Movement to 1449
·
Pisa Council: deposed both French & Roman Popes
¨
Elected 3rd Pope at Pisa => reaction of
other two?
¨
Result: 3 contending Popes after 1409
·
Role of Emperor Sigismund=> prevails on Pisan Pope
¨
Council of
Constance (1414-1417)
Ø
Recognized by Roman Pope
(Greg XII-resigned)
Ø
Haec Sancta
=> asserted supremacy of council
Ø
Also execute Jan Hus as Prague heretic
§
Advocated laity
communion of bread and wine
·
(challenged clergy’s superiority over laity)
§
Denied dogma of Transubstantiation
§
Questioned validity of
sacraments by priests=>
·
who also led immoral
lives
§
Significance: seeds if Reformation next century
Ø
Elects new Pope Martin V in 1417
·
Council of
Basel (1431-49)=> Council peak & decline
¨
curtailed papal power of
appointment & taxation
¨
negotiated peace with Hussites (Hus) of Bohemia
Ø
wine okay, free preaching by clergy, & mortal sin
Ø
Bohemia given right to govern internal affairs
·
Pope Eugenius IV=>regains power & prestige
¨
Challenged Council of Basel & claim of superiority
¨
Council movement &
power collapsed in 1449
Ø
(lack of Holy Roman Emperor support)
·
1460=> Papal Bull:
Execrabilis
¨
appeals to councils condemned as:
Ø
“erroneous and abominable”=> “null & void”
·
Was Conciliar movement complete failure?
¨
(why or why not?)
v
The Renaissance
in Italy (1375-1527)
Ø
Why do many historians consider Renaissance to be a
=>
§
Prototype of or transition to the Modern World?
·
Rational thought applied=> free man’s full nature?
§
Counterarguments? (role of Middle Ages-
continuity?)
·
Christian character of Humanism & individual worth
§
Which argument is right? (any evidence of
“transition”?)
Ø
The Italian
City-States (Map):
§
Italy’s cultural advantage?
·
“Gateway” between East & West – how/why?
¨
Trade=> by 15th century=> bankers of
Europe
·
Endemic warfare between Emperor
& Pope=>
¨
Permitted Italian urban
& cultural growth
¨
Freed expansion of
cities into city-states
Ø
Meld of old & new rich => 5 major states (Map)
§
Social Conflict & Despotism
·
Internal social strife
& class struggle for political power
¨
By 15th cent=> Despotism ruled
(Venice 1exception)
·
Florence: key
example rising class divisions=> conflict
¨
Grandi (old) vs. [popolo grasso(new) + small Bz]
¨
At society’s bottom: popolo minuto=> Ciompi revolt
§
Role of Cosimo
de’ Medici (1389-1464) (pix- 405))
·
Political control of Florence from behind the curtain
·
Lorenzo the
Magnificent (1449-1492)=> absolute pwr
§
Role of Podesta=> hired (mercenary) ensure law
& order
·
Power: executive, military, & judicial
authority=>Aim:
¨
Protect business flow by
whatever means it takes
§
Birth of diplomacy => deal w/political &
military conflict
·
Stay abreast of other
states’ political & military affairs
·
Shaped diplomatic
strategies to gain advantage w/o war
·
Ambassador sent
to represent, negotiate, & covertly spy
·
Modern western diplomacy
began here
§
Renaissance culture
promoted aggressively & equally by:
·
Be it=> the Republic of Venice
·
Strong-arm democracy of Florence
·
Milan
despots or Roman Popes
Ø
Humanism:
§
Conflicting definitions
& descriptions:
·
Human dignity, individualism, & secular values
·
True champions of
authentic Catholic Christianity
·
Scholarship=>
civic responsibility & political liberty
·
All above seen as
secondary? Essence of Humanism=>
¨
Ed. program=> rhetoric & scholarship for own
sake
§
1st Humanists=> orators & poets=>
·
Wrote original literature in classical &
vernacular
·
Inspired by new found ancient works of Greece&
Rome
·
Taught rhetoric in universities=> talents sought by
all
§
*How did Humanist contrast with medieval Scholastics?
·
(original thought &
sources versus didactic summation)
§
Petrach=> father
of humanism (love of letters & poetry)
·
Ancient manuscripts of
Romans (Cicero)
·
Attitude toward Scholastics?
§
Dante=> Vita
Nuova & Divine Comedy (Italian Vernac.)
§
Boccaccio=>
Decameron (100 lewd tales of 1348 plague)
·
Assembled Greek & Roman mythology=>
encyclopedia
§
Educational Reforms & Goals:
·
Pietro Vergerio (1349-1420)=> Humanist view=>
¨
Humanist concept
of a Liberal
Education:
¨
On the Moral that Befit a Free Man
Ø
“We call those studies liberal which are
worthy of a free man; those studies by which we attain and practice virtue and
wisdom; that education which calls forth, trains, and develops those highest
gifts of body and mind ennoble men and are rightly judged to rank next in
dignity to virtue only (and) for to a vulgar temper, gain and pleasure are the
one aim in existence, to a lofty mature, moral worth, and fame.”
Ø
Renaissance
Art:
§
Overview=> values of laity no longer secondary to
clergy
·
Church’s loss of power & prestige during 15th
century
·
Rise in National sentiment & secular bureaucracies
·
Growth of lay education during 14th &
15th centuries
·
Secular world, learning, & humanity rose in import
§
Appreciation of ancient Greet art=> defined west
beauty
·
Perspective
·
Balance
·
Proportion
·
Harmony
·
Humanistic
§
Major artists of the late Renaissance (Art Books):
·
Leonardo Da
Vinci (1452-1519)
¨
True Renaissance man => Mona Lisa=> flight (pix)
·
Raphael (1483-1520)
=> madonnas, portraits, frescos
·
Michelangelo (1475-1564)
¨
genius of sculpture (David & Pieta) &
¨
painting (Sistine Chapel))
v
Italy’s Political Decline
Ø
The French
Invasions (1494-1527):
§
Treaty of Lodi (1454-55)
·
Balance of power for internal & external control
·
1494: Naples, Florence, & Alexander VI (Borgia)
=>
¨
prepare to attack Milan (& upset balance of pwr)
·
Milanese despot Ludovico il Moro invites France
¨
Revive dynastic claim to Naples (big
mistake)-why?
§
Charles
VIII’s March through Italy
·
French rapid
deployment alarms Spain (why?)
¨
League of Venice=> counter-alliance
¨
Ludovico realizes mistake & also joins alliance
¨
Forced Charles to retreat
·
Pope Alexander VI & the Borgias (Caesar &
Lucretia)
¨
French return under Louis XII allied w/Pope
¨
Schemes for Romagna & family interests
¨
Corrupt papacy of intrigues
¨
Abandons
League for secular interests
·
Pope Julius II suppresses Borgias
¨
Places Romagna under Papal control
¨
Warrior Pope (Michelangelo)
¨
Drove Venetians out & secured Papal states
Ø
Niccolo
Machiavelli:
§
The Prince (1513) => ends justifies means (Doc p.
409)
§
Aim: curry favor & instruct Medici strong rulers
§
Stress on virtue of ancient Romans approach to rule
§
Criticized use of Mercenaries => pushed native
army
§
Little appreciated at the time
v
Revival of Monarchy
Ø
Nation
Building in the 15th Century:
§
Post 1450 Europe=> sovereign kings emerge
·
Replace fragmented &
unruly government (what kind?)
¨
(minor territorial did
princes survive for awhile)
¨
As did representative
assemblies- which grew
·
NTL=> by
late 15th & early 16th => monarchies favored
¨
Power more &more
concentrated in king (not vassal)
¨
Why nobles & rep. assemblies no longer obstacle?
Ø
100
Years War’s & Schism’s impact?
Ø
Nobles & clergy vs. King & educated
town elite
Ø
Who now staffing King’s bureaucracy?
§
Sovereign
state=> taxes, war making, & justice => King
·
(Not local nobility)
·
King determined taxes to support King’s army (mercs)
·
Rich Nobles became King’s creditors (also avoid
taxes)
Ø
Medieval
Russia:
§
Kiev center of
Russian pwr & culture during Middle Ages
·
Prince Vladimir selects Greek Orthodox as state relig.
·
Yaroslav the Wise=> Kiev political & cultural
center
·
After his death=> 3 key rival groups compete for pwr
¨
Great Russians vs. White Russians vs. Little Russians
·
Autonomous principalities also rise & fragment
Russia
¨
Made Russia more
vulnerable to attack in detail
§
Mongol
Rule (1243-1480:
·
G. Khan invades
fragmented Russia in 1223
·
Bantu Khan captures Kiev
in 1240=> Golden Horde
¨
Tartar rule further separates Russia from the West
¨
Intermarriage &
adoption of Islamic religion & cult.
·
NTL=> Russian political institutions remain in tact
¨
Mongols co-opt Russian elites => trade, $$$, peace
§
Russian Liberation
·
Now rich Russian princes of Moscow expand land holds
·
1380=> Dimitri of Moscow defeats Tartars at Kulikov
¨
marked beginning of
Mongol hegemony
·
Ivan III (the Great) ends Mongol rule in 1480
¨
Moscow would
replace Kiev as Russia center of pwr
Ø
France:
§
Two fundamental
events spurred French nation building
·
100 Years War=> (collapse of England’s holdings)
·
Defeat of Charles the Bold (Burgundy empire dream)
¨
w/Charles death=> end
of dynastic intrigues
§
Louis XI
expands & secures his monarchy
·
Adds Burgundy to his Angevin inheritance (x 2 size)
·
Harnessed nobility &
expands trade & industry
·
France becomes strong
& secure Nation as result
§
Any downside? (what is the “two edge sword?”)
·
Greed for power=>
Italian conquests=> defeat
·
Internal fragmentation (like
during 100 Yrs War)
Ø
Spain:
§
Union of Isabella
& Ferdinand=> united Spain
·
Castile (5 million & $ - mesta) & Aragon (
>1 million)
·
Each kingdom retained
separate government & tradition
§
United Isabella & Ferd. subdued realms
& secure borders
·
Townspeople allied
w/crown & replace nobles in admin
·
Crown extends authority
over $$$ nobility (lose power)
§
Religious toleration
ends w/Isabella & Ferdinand
·
Jews & Moors either convert or depart (Inquisition)
§
Dynastic anti-French marriages=> Charles V (1519)
·
Major future impact on European History
§
Conquest of New World=> silver into European $$$
Ø
England:
§
Post 100 Years War=> dynastic struggle=> War of Roses
·
House of York
(White) vs. House of Lancaster
(Red)
¨
Turmoil reigned from 1455=>1485
¨
Henry V (Lancaster) able to take power
Ø
But consistently
challenged by Duke of York
·
1461=> Edward IV (York) seized power
¨
forced Parliament to his
will=> died 1483
·
Uncle Richard (III) usurps power from nephews
¨
Usurpation => growing support for Henry Tudor
·