Chapter 15- Europe to the Early 1500s (1000-1500):
(1). Examine the revival of the western
Empire, and describe the role of Otto I.
(2). Explain the significance of the Cluny reform movement,
the investiture conflict, & Gregory
VII.
(3). Trace the course of the First
Crusade, and explain their significance.
(4). Discuss the revival of trade and towns, and resulting rise of the merchant class.
(5). Examine the growth of Cathedral
schools, Universities, and scholasticism.
(6). Compare the established social order of medieval western society with that of India’s caste system.
(7). Contrast evolving national
monarchies of medieval England,
France, and Hohenstaufen
Empire.
(8). Outline the major events of the Hundred Years’ War (1337-1443).
(9). Trace the spread of the Black Death and describe its
impact on late medieval western society.
(10). Discuss ecclesiastical breakdown of medieval church, & roles of Boniface & King Phillip the Fair.
(11). Examine the Great Schism and the Conciliar movement.
v
Revival of Empire, Church, and Towns
Ø
High Middle
Ages: Overview
§
Period of political expansion & consolidation
·
West’s borders secured
against invaders
·
West became aggressor (Crusades & foreign trade)
§
Intellectual & artistic maturity & synthesis
reached
·
Full development of medieval civilizations’ potential
§
Catholic Church established itself in doctrine &
spirit
·
Struggle for
independence=> investiture
controversy
·
Seeds of future “separation of Church & State” sown
·
Trade off: growing secular
power at spiritual expense
§
National monarchies emerge: France, England, Germany
·
Parliaments & popular assemblies (nobility
interests)
·
Rise of clergy & merchants vs. claims of above
·
Holy Roman Empire=> exception to above trends
¨
Role of Ottonian Emperors=> fragmentation
Ø
Revival of
the Empire & the role of Otto I:
§
Saxon Henry I became 1st non-Frank German
King
·
Forces consolidation of Swabia, Bavaria, Saxony
¨
Also Franconia & Lotharingia
·
Secured borders &
checked Hungarians & Danes
§
Otto I
succeeds Henry in 936 w/strong
territorial position
·
Refused to treat Duchies as independent Dukedoms
·
All made members of Otto’s unified kingdom
·
955: defeats Magyars
=> title: “The Great”
·
Effectively secures
German borders against attack
¨
Reinforced unification
of Germany under his rule
·
Invests
Bishops & Abbots & make them his vassals
¨
Donates fiefs (advantage?) => but future
controversy
§
961 Otto gladly responds to Pope John XII appeal for
help
·
Result: Pope crowns him as what? Impact on Church?
¨
Focus of future German Emperors?
Ø
The Reviving
of the Catholic Church:
§
Cluniac
reform movement=> goals & objectives?
·
Celibacy, simony, and Clerical independence
§
Investiture
Controversy: Gregory VII vs. Henry IV
§
Compromise: Concordat
of Worms (1122) (Henry V)
Ø
The First
Crusades (Map):
§
Role of Urban
II at Council of Clermont (1095) (p. 388)
§
Second Crusade & role of Saladin (October 1187)
§
Third Crusade & limits of celebrity
§
Fourth Crusade & the role of Innocent III
§
Motives, incentives,
outcome, & future impact?
§
Christian reconquest of Spain (Map)
Ø
Revival of
Towns and Trade:
§
Town: Lords grant & sell Charters
·
Motive: $$$ &
concentrate labor & artisan pool
¨
Cast & finished
goods
§
Trade: Food surplus => promotes trade
·
Ambitious &
aggressive serfs & former serfs =>
¨
Nothing much to lose
=> take on risk
¨
(Buy low at source =>
sell high upon return)
·
Trade routes
=> all over Europe, Asia, Africa (slide)
§
Rise of Merchants: successful
middle men => $$$
·
$$$ of Merchants in
demand by Lords & Kings
·
Soon merchant $$$
influence => political influence
·
Merchants want more
autonomy & freedom from Lords
¨
Seek new models of self
government (town charters)
·
Align w/Kings against
Nobles (feudal=>national gov.)
Ø
Growth of
Schools & Universities: (slide)
§
Role of Byzantine & Spanish Islamic scholars
·
Transfer of ancient
Greek ideas & Roman law
·
Impact on Western
scholarship
§
Growth of monastery
& Cathedral schools &
universities
·
Students sought masters to study under =>
·
Soon schools & universities emerged (slide)
¨
Corporations of students
or masters
§
Curriculum
·
Method of study=>
basic
¨
Tools of disciplined
knowledge & thought
Ø
Logic & dialectics
¨
Role of innovation & creative thought?
§
Scholasticism:
·
Summation of traditional authorities
·
Elaboration of pro/con
of traditional arguments
·
Student conclusion
·
Theory vs. practical work? (medical students)
§
Thomas Aquinas
·
Summa Theologiae=> (synthesis of Faith &
Reason)
·
First principle: the
precedence of faith over reason
v
Society
Ø
The Order of
Life:
§
Nobility=> status & its rationale?
·
Validity over time? (role of 100 Years War?)
§
Clergy=>
(open estate – how?)
·
Two types of clergy?
·
Role of clergy?
·
Respect & reverence=> earned or self
proclaimed?
·
Role of Dominicans (white) & Franciscans (black)?
§
Peasants=> largest & lowest of society
·
Role of the serf? Rights of the serf? (contract)
·
Impact of revival of trade & towns on serfs?
·
Impact of plague & 100 Years War on serfs?
Ø
Medieval
Women:
§
Noble women versus peasant women
·
Image & status=> role & freedom
v
Growth of National Monarchies
Ø
England and
France
§
Hastings –
1066:
·
William the
Conqueror
¨
Organization of effective vassal state
¨
Doomsday Book
§
Henry II
& Eleanor of Aquitane
Ø
Defeat at
Bouvines – 1214:
§
King John’s
excommunication
§
Popular rebellion
& The Magna Carta
·
(see excerpt Doc. Page 396)
§
Philip II
Augustus
·
Consolidation of the Capetian dynasty (Map)
·
Victory at Bouvines over a recalcitrant vassal
·
Unification & ascendancy of France
Ø
France in the
Thirteenth Century:
§
Reign of Louis
IX (grandson of Philip II)
·
The model European King & Nation state
·
Efficient bureaucracy & royal ambassadors
·
Right of appeal, justice, and national feeling
·
Showcase of monastic reform, chivalry, & Gothic
art
Ø
The
Hohenstaufen Empire (1152-1272):
§
Fragmentation and disunity (Map)
§
Frederick I
Barbarossa
·
Reestablished imperial
authority
·
Re-initiated contest
with Pope => focus?
§
Stalemate in Germany & defeat in Italy
·
Henry IV’s Preoccupation:
Kingdom of Sicily
·
Rome’s reaction?
§
Frederick II
·
Background: ward of Innocent III (peak of power)
¨
Pushed Gregorian reforms (aim: church over
state)
¨
Called for Fourth
Crusade
¨
Fourth
Lateran Council
¨
Tools to enforce Papal will?
·
Fred’s bargain for securing Imperial Title (the
price?)
¨
Autonomy for German Princes=> significance?
·
Death of Frederick & the end of German monarchy
¨
Princes create
electoral college in 1257 (emperor)
¨
Result? (slow death of dynasty)
v
Political and Social Breakdown
Ø
The Hundred
Years’ Wars:
§
Causes?
§
Major battles & course of the war? (Map)
§
Outcome and political & social consequence?
·
Winners & losers?
·
Impact on Nobles & their image?
Ø
The Black
Death (Map):
§
Preconditions & causes
§
How the plague spread (Map)
§
Social & economic impact
·
40% of population killed
·
Farm labor in great
demand=> wages rise
¨
Serfs replaced labor
services w/$$$
¨
Abandoned farms for the
city
·
Agricultural prices
& rents fell
·
Demand for luxury goods
rise
¨
Impact on artisans?
¨
Impact on Nobility?
·
Impact of plague on the
Church?
¨
(good news & bad news)
v
Ecclesiastical Breakdown & Revival
Ø
The Late
Medieval Church:
§
14th century: secular rulers trumped popes
§
Boniface VIII
vs. Phillip the Fair
·
Bull: Clericis
Laicos (no taxation w/o Pope’s approval)
·
Phillip’s response?
·
Pope’s reaction=> Unam Sanctam (secular vs. spirit)
·
Phillip’s reaction & impact on Papal power?
§
The Great
Schism (1378-1417)
·
Clement V moves Papacy to Avignon (Map)
¨
Influence of French King on Church?
¨
Perception of England?
·
Returned to Rome by Gregory XI in 1377
·
Pope Urban VI (1378-89)=> intent to reform Curia
¨
Impact on French Cardinals=> reaction?
¨
Role of Charles V & his cousin (Clement VII)
¨
Location of newly elected French backed papacy?
·
Impact of Schism
on European Christendom?
§
The Conciliar
Movement to 1449
·
Deposed both French & Roman Popes
·
3 contending Popes & role of Emperor Sigismund
·
Pope Eugenius IV=>Papal Bull: Execrabilis