Major in Pharmaceutical Sciences (CIP 51.2003)
The objective of this major is to prepare students for careers in the biomedical sciences with particular emphasis on pharmaceutical sciences. Graduates will be prepared to enter research and technical positions in the health science industries or to pursue postgraduate studies.

Candidates for the BS degree with a major in the pharmaceutical sciences (BSPS) must satisfy all College of Arts and Sciences requirements as set forth in the General College Curriculum section of the university catalog. Prior to entering the major, students must have completed a minimum of 64 semester hours of college credit taken from the core liberal arts curriculum and must include the following courses or their equivalents: Basic Biology, Human Anatomy and Physiology, Microbiology and Immunology, General Chemistry (2 semesters), Organic Chemistry (2 semesters), Calculus, and General Physics (2 semesters).

North Carolina has one of the largest concentrations of pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries in the United States. It is also one of the most rapidly growing areas in the state. Currently, there are hundreds of pharmaceutical research and manufacturing sites in North Carolina. A majority of these pharmaceutical and biotechnical companies are located in nearby Research Triangle Park, but many others are situated within a one-hour drive of Campbell University.

Additionally, several major research universities and government agencies are nearby. Students may choose an internship site based upon their future career goals including academic, research, manufacturing, or regulatory sites. Many of these sites not only host senior BSPS students for their internships, but also provide opportunities for summer employment and permanent positions upon graduation.

220/220L Quantitative Laboratory Techniques (2)
An introductory laboratory course concentrating on the basic terminology and mathematical skills needed to perform routine laboratory procedures. Students learn the theory and application of appropriate techniques involved in gravimetric and volumetric analysis. Laboratory skills are honed through a series of exercises that culminate in a comprehensive practical examination designed to test the student’s ability to accurately formulate complex biochemical solutions.

323/325 General Biochemistry/Lab (3/1)
This introductory lecture and laboratory course provides an overview of the synthesis and metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids; enzyme kinetics; bioenergetics; and macromolecular structure and function. Prerequisite: PHSC 220/220L

324 Experimental Design and Biostatistics (4)
The application of statistical analyses to the design, conduct, and interpretation of pharmaceutical research, development, testing, and manufacturing is provided in this comprehensive course. This course is co-listed as CLNR 324 and PHAR 528.

326/327 Molecular Biology/Lab (3/1)
Fundamental principles of recombinant DNA technology are presented with an emphasis on pharmaceutical applications where appropriate. Laboratory exercises provide a basic understanding of the techniques involved in biotechnology and to provide practical laboratory experience in the use of these techniques. The lecture and laboratory courses are designed to complement one another and work in tandem to give an overall view of biotechnology.

328 Introduction to Pharmacology (4)
The basic principles of pharmacology and toxicology are covered through discussion of the responses of biological systems to drugs and chemicals. The course also considers the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of xenobiotics and how these factors relate to drug action. Prerequisite: Anatomy and Physiology.

334 and 336 Scientific Literature Seminar I & II (1 and 1)
Students are introduced to literature searching and critical analysis techniques in this series of courses. The courses promote the formulation of critical thinking approaches. Special emphasis is placed on communication techniques. Students apply their knowledge and skill in the form of written and oral presentations developed by researching the current pharmaceutical and biomedical literature.

338 Product and Process Validation (2)
The principles of current good manufacturing practices (cGMP), process troubleshooting, quality control, and quality assurance are introduced. Federal regulations and documentation requirements are discussed throughout the course. The course covers in detail the theory and practices by which pharmaceutical and biotechnology processes are validated.

404 Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences (1-3)
The purpose of this elective course is to introduce pharmaceutical sciences students to methods of basic science and/or clinical research. This involves application of the scientific processes of hypothesis formation, literature evaluation, experimental design, development of technical skills, data acquisition and analysis, and formal presentation of results.

410/411 Analytical Instrumentation (3/1)
A comprehensive introductory course that provides students with an in-depth study of the theory and operation of scientific instrumentation typically found in pharmaceutical, chemical, and biotechnical research and analytical facilities. Students gain hands-on experience with a variety of spectroscopic and chromatographic instrumentation through structured laboratory experiments and student-initiated research projects. Prerequisite: PHSC 220/220L, PHSC 324 or by the permission of the instructor.

414 Research Seminar (1)
Used in conjunction with research courses PHSC 404 and 504, research seminar provides students with an opportunity to present original research work.

416 Senior Seminar (1)
Senior Seminar provides a forum through which students chronicle their internship experience. Students present an overview of the company in which they worked and provide a synopsis of their role in the organization.

418/419 Industrial Pharmacy/Lab (3/1)
This laboratory course introduces students to the preformulation and manufacturing of pharmaceutical dosage forms such as tablets, capsules, sustained release preparations, ointments, and suspensions. Students gain hands-on experience performing a variety of USP tests and unit operations. Prerequisites: PHSC 220/220L, 323/325 and 410/411.

420 Senior Internship (12-14)
The internship provides practical experience in the pharmaceutical, chemical, or biotechnology industries. Students and participating industrial facilities are matched to provide a comprehensive work experience.

438/ 439 Pharmaceutical Methodology and Bioprocessing/Lab (3/1)
In this advanced analytical techniques and instrumentation course, students are exposed to the current state-of-the-art procedures for the isolation, purification, derivatization, and characterization of complex chemical and biological samples. These techniques are then applied to practical analytical situations. Students are also provided with practical hands-on experience in USP methodology and with a comprehensive overview of bioprocessing. Prerequisite: PHSC 410

440 Physical Pharmacy (2)
Physical Pharmacy is an introductory course covering preformulations as practiced in an industrial pharmacy setting.

442 Interpersonal Skills (2)
In this course, students will learn about the various factors involved in developing good interpersonal skills including: self-awareness, perception, understanding individual differences, verbal and non-verbal communication, goal setting, listening and feedback, teamwork, leadership development, conflict resolution, motivation, negotiation, and interviewing skills. The course will provide a forum for group discussions and team exercises.

450/450L Spreadsheet/Data Analysis (1-2)
This course introduces students to advanced functions within commercial spreadsheet programs. Emphasis is placed on the utilization of macros and embedding functions as they apply to data analysis.

451 Scientific and Technical Writing (1.5)
This required course is presented to assist students in the enhancement of their skills in the areas of scientific and technical writing.

452 Pharmaceutical Utilities Systems (1-3)
This course gives students a basic overall understanding of the utility systems used in pharmaceutical manufacturing facilities. By using piping and instrumentation diagrams (P&IDs) to teach these systems, students also become familiar with one of the most commonly used types of engineering documentation in the industry. This course also covers the basic requirements for commissioning and validation of these systems.

462 and 466 Anatomy and Physiology (4 and 4)
This two-course sequence presents a comprehensive study of the structure and function of all organ systems as well as basic biochemical and biophysical principles of cellular and membrane function. Relevance to clinical states and drug action is also presented in many areas. The courses are co-listed as PHAR 302 and 306. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

464 Biochemistry (4)
A comprehensive course in biochemistry that discusses the metabolism of amino acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Principles of enzyme kinetics and regulation, bioenergetics, and macromolecular structure-function relationships are presented. This course is co-listed as PHAR 304. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

468 Clinical Biochemistry (3)
This course discusses the principles of quantitative analysis utilized in common clinical laboratory tests. An introduction to interpretation of abnormal clinical laboratory values is presented. Quantitative aspects of nutrition are presented, and regulatory effects of various hormones are described. Diseases such as arteriosclerosis and diabetes are discussed. This course is co-listed as PHAR 308. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

470 Immunology (4)
This course covers basic immunology and the fundamental principles relating to the immune response in normal and disease states. This course is co-listed as PHAR 310. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.

472 Medical Microbiology (3)
The basic concepts of medical microbiology are presented. Information necessary to diagnose and manage an infected patient are covered. Current, important bacteriologic, virologic, mycotic, and parasitic pathogens and their related diseases are discussed. Clinical presentations, principles of laboratory diagnosis, and preventative measures are emphasized. Prerequisite: Immunology (PHAR 310/PHSC 470). This course is co-listed as PHAR 312.

474 Biopharmaceutics (3)
This course presents the biological and physiochemical factors of the body, drugs and dosage forms that influence drug availability, disposition, and pharmacological and toxicological responses. This course is co-listed as PHAR 314. Prerequisite: Permission of instructor.